The B vitamins consist of a group of eight essential vitamins plus a group of non-essential compounds known as vitamin B complex members or factors. B complex factors are not considered as essential vitamins as the human body can synthesise them. The B vitamins include thiamine (B1), ribofl avin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7 or vitamin H), folic acid (B9) and cyanocobalamin (B12). The designated names originated during early nutritional research, when growth factors for organisms were specified with the letter B plus a letter or numerical factor. As they were isolated and characterised chemically, each vitamin was found to serve as a parent of a specifi c “helper” enzyme, known as a co-enzyme. Natural rich sources of B vitamins include green leafy vegetables, brewer’s yeast, dairy products, legumes, nuts, wheat germ, wholegrains, fish, poultry, eggyolks, meats and organ meats.

The B Vitamins are usually required in the body in very small amounts, they are not stored in the body for long periods and must be replenished daily either from the diet or by internal synthesis, the exception being vitamin B12, which can be stored in the body for any length of time. They are water-soluble and are dispersed throughout the body, and any excess is excreted in the urine. They are not chemically related but have inter-related functions and work synergistically within the body. A low intake of one or more of them may create imbalances in the levels of others and may aff ect their utilisation in the body. The B vitamins play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are essential components of enzyme systems that drive the body to form energy from foods to generate new cells. Although the B vitamins are involved in converting food into energy, they supply no calories. They are also necessary for the proper function of the brain and nervous system, production of red blood cells and the healthy maintenance of skin, hair, eyes, mouth, mucous membranes, intestinal muscles, heart and the liver.

Low Intake of B vitamins may adversely aff ect tissues that grow or metabolise rapidly, such as the cells of the blood, digestive tract, nervous system and the skin. There are certain groups of people who may benefit by increasing their dietary intake of B vitamins, such as heavy drinkers, smokers, individuals with a poor appetite or diet, those on a high carbohydrate, fat or protein diet (e.g. body builders and athletes), adolescents, the elderly, those with a mentally or physically demanding lifestyle, vegetarians and vegans, and during pregnancy and menstruation.