Minerals are inorganic elements that originate in the Earth and cannot be made in the body, many of these are therefore considered as essential nutrients and need to be obtained from dietary sources. Most of the minerals in the human diet come directly from plants and water, or indirectly from animal foods. The body converts inorganic minerals into organic minerals before they can be absorbed. A healthy, balanced diet may not always provide adequate minerals, particularly due to increased consumption of highly processed and refi ned foods, and increased soil depletion of minerals as a result of modern farming techniques.
Minerals are vital components of enzyme systems that are involved in every biochemical and metabolic reaction in the body. Virtually none of the nutrients such as antioxidants, amino acids and fibre can assert their benefits without the assistance of one or more key minerals. They are involved in the regulation and maintenance of many physiological functions, including immune and reproductive function, water and electrolyte balance, production of hormones and transport of oxygen to cells. Minerals are also required for nerve and muscle function and for the growth, maintenance and repair of teeth and skeletal tissues. They play an important role in maintaining the healthy function of vital body organs such as the heart, liver, pancreas and thyroid glands. Minerals are categorised into two subfamilies, major and trace minerals, depending on the amount needed per day. The classification of a mineral as major or trace does not reflect the importance of a mineral in maintaining health.
Major Minerals are needed in the body in larger amounts (>100mg) and include calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and sulphur. Dietary defi ciency of major minerals may occur due to malnutrition or those on poor diets for an extended period. Certain conditions can lead to an increased loss of minerals, particularly chloride, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Calcium intakes tend to be lower in women, vegans and those who do not consume dairy products. Elderly people with sub-optimal diets are also at risk of inadequate dietary intake.
Trace Minerals are present and are required in very small amounts in the body (<100mg). The most important trace minerals are boron, chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, vanadium and zinc. Dietary deficiencies of trace minerals may occur due to malnutrition, poor diets and among vulnerable groups of people, such as heavy drinkers, infants and adolescents, the elderly, pregnant, lactating and menstruating women, or due to a low mineral content in either the soil or water. Organic Minerals are complexes where an inorganic mineral is chelated (attached or bonded) with a carrier molecule, chelated mineral forms include amino acid chelates, ascorbates and citrates. In supplements, chelated minerals are designed to mimic the way minerals occur naturally in the diet, they are thought to be more bio-available (easier for the body to digest, absorb and utilise) than many of the common inorganic forms.
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